Strategic Governance Model for Strengthening Maritime Defense and Cultural Heritage Capacity on Penyengat Island: An Integrated SWOT–AHP Analysis
Abstract
Indonesia’s maritime defense increasingly requires integrated governance approaches that extend beyond conventional military frameworks. Strategic small islands play an important role not only in territorial security but also in strengthening national resilience through cultural heritage and community-based governance. Penyengat Island in the Riau Islands Province represents a strategic location where maritime history, cultural heritage, and geopolitical significance converge. However, its potential has not been fully optimized within Indonesia’s non-military maritime defense system due to limitations in governance coordination and human resource capacity. This study aims to formulate priority governance strategies to strengthen Penyengat Island as a maritime defense and cultural heritage governance model. A mixed-methods approach was applied using SWOT analysis to identify strategic factors and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine policy priorities. The results place Penyengat Island in Quadrant I (SO), indicating strong internal capabilities and significant external opportunities. AHP analysis identifies integrated maritime human resource development as the top priority, followed by strengthened intergovernmental governance and collaborative public–civil–military partnerships. These findings highlight the importance of human resource capacity and governance integration in optimizing the strategic role of small islands in Indonesia’s maritime defense system.
Keywords:
Public policy, maritime governance, human resource management, cultural heritage, maritime defense
References
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Saaty, T.L., & Vargas, L.G. (2020). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process in public policy. International Journal of Services Sciences, 7(2), 83–98. [https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2020.107157](https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2020.107157)
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Andaya, BW (2017). Imagining communities: Ethnicity, identity, and the Malay world. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 48(3), 363–387. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463417000456](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463417000456)
Anwar, D.F. (2021). Indonesia and ASEAN: Fifty years of diplomacy and leadership. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 43(1), 1–24. [https://doi.org/10.1355/cs43-1a](https://doi.org/10.1355/cs43-1a)
Anwar, DF, & Pratama, YW (2022). Cultural diplomacy and Indonesia's maritime identity in Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 9(2), 187–205. [https://doi.org/10.1177/23477970221091234](https://doi.org/10.1177/23477970221091234)
ASEAN Secretariat. (2023). ASEAN economic integration report 2023. ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN Secretariat. (2024). ASEAN investment report 2024: FDI and regional integration. ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN Secretariat, & United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2024). ASEAN investment report 2024: Navigating global uncertainty. UNCTAD.
Athukorala, P.C. (2019). Global production sharing and ASEAN economic integration. Asian Economic Papers, 18(1), 1–27. [https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00664](https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00664)
Bateman, S. (2017). Maritime security and the Indo-Pacific region. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 39(2), 243–252. [https://doi.org/10.1355/cs39-2d](https://doi.org/10.1355/cs39-2d)
Bound, K., Briggs, R., Holden, J., & Jones, S. (2007). Cultural diplomacy. Demonstration.
Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984). Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth International Group.
Bueger, C., & Edmunds, T. (2017). Beyond seablindness: A new agenda for maritime security studies. International Affairs, 93(6), 1293–1311. [https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix174](https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix174)
Chandra, R., & Ratnawarni, S. (2022). Application of the analytical hierarchy process in public policy decision-making: A governance perspective. Journal of Public Management and Administration, 9(2), 145–160. [https://doi.org/10.31289/jmap.v9i2.6123](https://doi.org/10.31289/jmap.v9i2.6123)
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Destiana, R. (2020). Halal tourism development in Penyengat Island, Riau Islands Province. Dialogue: Journal of Public Administration, 2(1), 1–10. [https://doi.org/10.14710/dialogue.v2i1.8272](https://doi.org/10.14710/dialogue.v2i1.8272)
Firdaus, M., & Kurniawan, R. (2022). Integrated coastal development and small island sustainability in Indonesia. Journal of Regional and Urban Development, 18(3), 245–260. [https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v18i3.42156](https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v18i3.42156)
Gatpur, AA, Ismail, K., & Lestari, F. (2025). Analysis of domestic waste generation on Penyengat Island, Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. Terubuk Fisheries Periodical.
Hakim, AR, & Setiawan, D. (2025). Multi-criteria decision analysis for local governance innovation using AHP. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 12(1), 33–49. [https://doi.org/10.22146/jgkp.84215](https://doi.org/10.22146/jgkp.84215)
Heldi, M., Subroto, G., Harahap, MA, Haikal, M., Usior, CK, Andrian, J., & Zalini, N. (2025). Digitization of cultural heritage on Penyengat Island using QR codes. JDISTIRA: Journal of Community Innovation and Technology, 5(2), 1–12. [https://doi.org/10.58794/jdt.v5i2.1670](https://doi.org/10.58794/jdt.v5i2.1670)
Hill, H., & Menon, J. (2021). ASEAN economic integration: Features, fulfillments, failures, and the future. Asian Economic Policy Review, 16(2), 161–183. [https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12341](https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12341)
Ho, W. (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 186(1), 211–228. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.004)
Husmaruddin, H., Prasetyo, A., & Lestari, R. (2025). Decision tree as a policy analysis tool in regional development planning. Archipelago Governance Journal, 4(1), 1–15. [https://doi.org/10.57254/ngj.v4i1.128](https://doi.org/10.57254/ngj.v4i1.128)
Keling, MF, Som, HM, Saludin, MN, Shuib, MS, & Ajis, MNE (2017). The development of ASEAN identity and regionalism. Journal of Politics and Law, 10(4), 50–57.
Kimura, F., & Obashi, A. (2016). Production networks in East Asia: What we know so far. Asian Economic Papers, 15(3), 1–27. [https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00442](https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00442)
Klein, N. (2018). Maritime security and the law of the sea. Oxford University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808416.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808416.001.0001)
Menon, J., & Melendez, A. C. (2017). Realizing an ASEAN economic community: Progress and remaining challenges. Asian Development Bank.
Niko, N., Casiavera, C., Wahyudi, H., Saputra, AE, Qurdiansyah, A., & Caroline, A. (2024). Cultural memory of the glory of the Malay Empire at Penyengat Island. International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research, 12(1), 88–96. [https://doi.org/10.35335/ijopsor.v12i1.240](https://doi.org/10.35335/ijopsor.v12i1.240)
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
Rahimi, S., Tavana, M., & Haji, A. (2021). A decision tree–AHP hybrid approach for policy prioritization in public sector governance. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 76, 100993. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100993](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100993)
Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 12–21. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005)
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill.
Saaty, T.L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83–98. [https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590](https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590)
Saaty, T.L., & Vargas, L.G. (2020). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process in public policy. International Journal of Services Sciences, 7(2), 83–98. [https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2020.107157](https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2020.107157)
Shukla, N., Merigó, J.M., Lammers, T., & Miranda, L. (2022). Decision support systems for sustainable public governance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330, 129826. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129826](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129826)
Till, G. (2018). Seapower: A guide for the twenty-first century (4th ed.). Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315647650](https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315647650)
Winter, T. (2019). Cultural heritage and soft power. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 25(2), 216–228. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1309294](https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1309294)
Yüksel, İ., & Dağdeviren, M. (2007). Using the analytic hierarchy process for SWOT analysis. Information Sciences, 177(16), 3364–3382. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2007.01.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2007.01.001)
Published
2026-03-13
How to Cite
Hilmansyah, C. (2026). Strategic Governance Model for Strengthening Maritime Defense and Cultural Heritage Capacity on Penyengat Island: An Integrated SWOT–AHP Analysis. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Ekonomi Syariah), 9(1), 468-485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v9i1.2597
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
